Should Anabolic Steroid Use Be Legalized - 1821 Words

In the world of sports, there has always been the debate to legalize anabolic steroid use. Since I was a young boy, I have seen several players stripped of titles, achievements, and even careers. In one scandal, Barry Bonds stripped of his home run record title for suspected steroid use. Years later, Lance Armstrong was stripped of all seven of his Tour de France titles for using anabolic steroids. While steroid use seems to be a common occurrence in the last few years, some supporters have risen to speak in favor of having steroids legalized in the world of sports. On the other hand, numerous others and myself believe it should not be legalized on any level of sports due to several mental and health issues that arise from steroid use. It†¦show more content†¦In a recent study conducted by Jay Hoffman from 2005 to 2006, he surveyed 8th through 12th grade students on how teens mimic professional athletes who use steroids. The survey involved more than 3,200 students in 12 sta tes, most of them from New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and New Mexico. Other states included Iowa, Wisconsin, Connecticut, Missouri, Ohio, Colorado, New York, Minnesota and California. In the overall study 1.6 percent of the students, which is roughly 50 children, mostly boys, reported using some form of anabolic steroids regularly. Of that, 57 percent of kids that reported using steroids said that they were influenced by professional athletes. Also out of the children in that study, 65 percent of current users and 6 percent of non-users said that they would take it as long as long as the results were guaranteed despite the health side effects. Also, 57 percent of the current users and 4 percent of the non-users said they would take it even though they knew it shortened your lifespan. In that study, 6 percent of the children were in the 12th grade. The study also looked at the children that were on already on supplements that help promote muscle growth and tone, and 17 percent of childre n reported that they would use some form of steroids to gain muscle. The study also looked at children that want to gain lean muscle that

Legal - Effectiveness of the Criminal Justice System

Within the criminal justice system discuss the effectiveness of legal and non-legal measures in achieving justice. The criminal justice system within Australia is the means through which those who break rules stipulated within legislation and legal regulations are brought to justice in the form of punishment. The legal and non-legal measures implemented are applied across all aspects of crime. The legal measures include all institutions and processes enabled by law to deal with aspects of the criminal justice system. Non-legal measures include diversionary programs such as restorative justice. The use of non-legal measure in achieving justice is generally seen when dealing with young offenders. It is used in an attempt to allow the†¦show more content†¦These rules have been developed in order to try and keep the process fair to both sides and ensure consistency between trials. The implementation of legal aid ensures that poorer offenders have access to the legal system and receive a fair trial. The measures both legal and non-legal through the criminal trial process ensure that each offe nder receives a fair trial in which they can be correctly convicted and effectively sentenced. Furthermore, throughout sentencing and punishment various legal and non-legal measures have been implemented to ensure that sentences for those convicted are appropriate and effective to enable rehabilitation and reintegration into society and provide the community with a sense of justice and security. The provision of statutory and judicial guidelines means that limits are placed on a judge’s discretion when sentencing, thus ensuring sentencing consistency. These guidelines were established in relation to the case R v. Jurisic (1998). The defendant Jurisic, pleaded guilty to three charges of dangerous driving occasioning in grievous bodily harm. He was found under the influence of cocaine on one of these charges. He was sentences to 18 months home detention, lost his driver’s licence for one year and was put on a good behaviour bond for two years. This was through to be lenient and was appealed by the DPP. The appeal was upheld and the sentence was replaced by two year s imprisonment and two years disqualification of his driver’sShow MoreRelatedLegal Studies Assess the effectiveness of the Criminal Justice System in dealing with young offenders.1452 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Assess the effectiveness of the Criminal Justice System in dealing with young offenders. There are a few common reasons for young people to be involved in crime. These include poor parental supervision, drug and alcohol abuse, neglect and abuse, homelessness, negative peer associations and difficulties in school and employment. The criminal justice system effectively deals with young offenders through unique techniques to address the challenges of dealing with juvenile offending. Even thoughRead MoreEffectiveness of the Criminal Trial Process as a Means of Achieving Justice977 Words   |  4 PagesThe effectiveness of the criminal trial process as a means of achieving justice The criminal trial process aims to provide justice for all those involved, while it succeeds in the majority of cases, it effectiveness is influenced and reduced by certain factors. These include the legal representation involved in a case and the availability of legal aid, the capacity of the jury assessing the trial, the credibility of scientific evidence and the impact of social media on the trial process. Due toRead MoreDue Process Model versus Crime Control Model Essay834 Words   |  4 PagesThere are two distinct types of models that are found in the English criminal justice system. These are the crime control model and the due process model. They vary in their characteristics and are considered to take divergent objectives. Basing on their evident differences, one of them is actually considered being more effective than the other if the new wave and rate of crime being witnessed in the society is anything to go by. This paper therefore seeks to identify some of the differenc es betweenRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System720 Words   |  3 Pages Victims usually adopt a subsidiary role in the courts, compared to the accused or offender (Booth, 2016). Victim-focused law reforms are open to many jurisdictions throughout Australia, and majority of systems which follow the adversarial nature of proceedings (Garkawe, 2007). The justice system aims to enforce a therapeutic structure, however, in some instances this fails to be upheld for the victim. 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Biometrics focuses on the minor and major differences of individuals by using many diverse methods, techniquesRead MoreLegal Studies- Courts Role in the Criminal Justice System Essay example1377 Words   |  6 PagesDescribe the role of courts in the criminal justice process: The main role of the courts is to interpret and apply the law. In terms of a criminal justice process the court serves as the place in which a trial is heard and a sentence decided. Evaluate the use of the adversary system as a means of achieving justice: The adversarial system is moderately effective in achieving just outcomes for the individual and society as well as attempting to protect their rights. One of the main featuresRead MoreThe Victim Care Program For The Criminal Justice System Essay1405 Words   |  6 PagesThe victim care program is an important resource that helps victims in the criminal justice system. Refugee and immigrant victims can find it hard to deal with the criminal justice system in the United States. This program is designed to assists these individuals in the court system. This paper will focus on the Victim Care Program in Fort Wayne. An evaluation of this program is aimed at understanding its role and effectiveness. The data provides by Victim Care Program will help to evaluate the worthRead MoreEffectiveness of a Jury Essay1313 Words   |  6 PagesEvaluate the effectiveness of the jury system in the criminal trial Juries exists in the criminal trial to listen to the case presented to them and, as a third, non-bias party, decide beyond reasonable doubt if the accused is guilty. For the use of a trial by juror to be effective, no bias should exists in the jurors judgments, the jurors should understand clearly their role and key legal terms, and the jury system should represent the communities standards and views whilst upholding the rights

A New Database of Financial Reforms

Question: Describe about A New Database of Financial Reforms? Answer: Introduction The global financial system continues to be buoyed by the risk appetite of the investor. The volatility of the financial markets affects the economic growth of the country. The failure of the financial market provides a rationale for the government intervention. The paper has tried to understand the rationale behind the intervention of the Government for the stability of the financial markets. The paper has identified the major market failures. The success of the Government intervention in the financial markets has been mixed (Szafarz, n.d.). Significance of the study The study on the Government intervention is important. It will help to identify the rationale behind the Government intervention. The regulatory mechanism applied by the Government can be studied. The role of Government in era of financial innovation is important. It will help to determine the success factors of the financial innovation. The role of Government is the success can be identified (Worldfinance.com, 2015). Scope of the study The paper analyses the significance of Government intervention to stabilize the financial market. The paper will identify the role played by the Government in the era of financial innovation. The various pressures on the financial organizations while reporting in the financial statements will be analyzed. It will also identify the role played by the Government during financial debacle. The positive and negative aspects of intervention of the Government will be analyzed in the paper. Literature Review The role of the Government in the financial market has been a long standing debate. The major areas of debate are as follows The modern capitalist form of society is marked by phenomena of financial crisis and economic recessions. The decisions taken by the banks are not enough to control the financial debacles. The costs that are associated with the collapse of the savings and the loan association in United States can be considered as big financial debacles. The financial problems have extended from United States to Japan. It has also spread across number of European countries. It is also spread across number of developing countries across the globe. Thus in order to resolve the issues and bring financial stability in the country, intervention of the Government has become mandatory. There have been important financial innovations in the past decade. This has led to the introduction and development of new institutions and new technologies. The capital markets have developed them in order to be a hallmark of the developed economy. Deregulation has been a dominant theme in the economic policy of the countries. It is also seen in the financial markets. The major reason behind the deregulation is to liberalize the financial markets. But there has been debate regarding the basis behind the liberalization of the financial market. It has been said that neither the economic policy , nor the government intervention has been the major reason behind liberalization of the financial market. The existence of market failure need not justify the government intervention. Since the financial markets are complex, the regulators of the financial markets are bestowed with variety of problems. Failure of the policies of the Government is seen in the United States savings and loan debacle (Dwyer, 2005). Government intervention in the Australian financial market The impact of global recession in Australia has been less severe than the OECD countries. The financial sector has been protected by the limited negative impact of the financial crisis on the economy. The role of the Government plays a major role to combat such a financial debacle. The monetary and fiscal policies by the Government have been developed in response to the crisis. There has been positive growth in the economy of the country by 0.5% every year aftermath the financial crisis (Federalreserve.gov, 2015). This has outperformed most of the OECD countries. The intervention of the Government policies has resulted in robust growth of the labor income and payments. It was a part of the fiscal stimulus package of the Government. In response to the financial crisis the monetary policy by the Government has provided a significant boost to the balance sheet of the households. In the early 2009, Australia has benefitted from the positive contribution from the foreign trade (Lensberg, Schenk-Hopp Ladley, 2015). This has been possible as a result of imports from China. Unlike the OECD countries, the profitability of the banks was not affected by the financial crisis. The policy response of the Reserve Bank and the Federal Government has helped to protect the financial system of the country. The prudential regulation from RBA with the creation of the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) in the year 1998 regulated the financial sector of the country. The regulators of the financial market responded to the recent crisis in a prudent manner. The increase in the nervousness of the financial market was regulated by the intervention of the Federal Government (Hao Lu, n.d.). The competition in the Australian Banking sector is healthy. The concentration of the housing loans in the country has increased (Zarutskie, n.d.). The market is still competitive as the non Australian banks comprise 30% of the business credit and the competition is considered to be a healthy alternative. However in order to boost the economy, competition has been reinforced in the mortgage market. The Government has extended its investment in the residential and mortgage backed securities (RMBS) in order to support the small lenders (Singh LaBrosse, n.d.). The Australian Government has introduced measures that will favor stability as well as competition in the economy. The efficient financial system will be able to promote the growth and standard of living. On the other hand the competition policy has been introduced in order to encourage innovation and efficiency. RBA has undertaken long standing measures to prmote the financial stability of the economy (Hauge, Lfstrm Mellegrd, 2014). The APRA has been developed to taken systemic review of the financial position of the economy while conducting its prudential regulation. The systemic risks are minimized by the clearing and systems of settlement. The treasury is responsible for advising the Government on the issues of financial stability. The regulatory systems in Australia have instrument independence. They have the freedom to exercise their responsibilities so that the goal of the Government can be met in an efficient manner and a stable financial system can be restored. This will su pport the growth of the economy. The independence of the financial system requires the explicit support from the Government which is critical to ensure the effectiveness of the financial regulators ('Government failure versus market failure: microeconomics policy research and government performance', 2007). Role of competition policy in the financial sectors and Government intervention The extent to which the competition policy can be applied in the financial sector remains unclear. But the attitude towards the competition in the banking has changed dramatically. The mergers in United States are under constant review of the Government. But the intervention of the Government is liberal than it is visible in other countries. The mergers are assessed by the Government on the basis of the relevant regulator (Kettl, 2000). The implementation of competition policy in the banking sector in Europe has strengthened substantially. In Canada it is seen that the merger of the financial institution will be exempted from the control of merger if the Minister of Finance certifies that the merger will be in the best interest of the financial system of Canada. Similarly in Switzerland, the competition authority may be replaced and a possible merger of the bank will be approved if it becomes a necessity to protect the interest of the creditors (Chen Findlay, 2003). In the financial sectors, the Governments are under constant pressure to support the industries in order to favor the economic recovery (Financial Stability Review, 2014). Guarantee arrangements as a part of the financial system landscape One of the policy intervention mechanism by the Government has been in the form of guarantee arrangements is some parts of the financial sector. The fiscal outlays for such type of arrangements are less. There will not be a rise in the fiscal costs even if the coverage of the risks does not materialize. Conscious policies were introduced by some countries in order to form a firewall into the financial system. This was done to prevent the real shocks in the economy. In this context it was suggested by Wylie (2009) that Australia and United States can be considered as opposite ends of the spectrum in the policy use of guarantees to address the financial policy objectives. The domestic financial market of United States has been benefitted from the government supported guarantee arrangements for the depositors and the pension fund beneficiaries. On the other hand, Australia did not have any insurance on deposit prior to the financial crisis. The sense of complacency has been potentially harmful among the beneficiaries. The role of guarantee arrangements has been reassessed by the Government aftermath the global financial crisis. The Government has introduced certain measures to maintain the investor and consumer confidence in the system. In the year 2010, the European commission has launched a public consultation regarding the methods for the improvement of the protection for the insurance policy holders. It was stated that the policies would be implemented in all the member states (Hanazaki, 2000). Disadvantages of Government Intervention Recapitalization The selling of the Government stakes in the market place has negative impact on the equity markets. The financial position for the banks could be improved by repayment from the recapitalized banks. This was demonstrated by United States where the banks had welcomed the repayment of the Troubled Assets Recovery Plan funds by the various financial institutions. Purchase of assets by the Government There are several cases where the Government has purchased assets which are impaired and illiquid. This is done mostly to help the bank to clear their balance sheet. The impaired assets can be sold by the banks in the market or it could be held by the Government until their expiry. In such cases the role of the Government is to raise highest possible return by efficient management of the asset. Inefficient management of the assets could be potential cost to the Government. It largely depends on the price to which the assets are sold in the market (Claessens, 2006). Government intervention affects Global trade The international trade is affected by the interventionist Government. Free market regulation is beneficial for the countries like America and Europe. Excessive pressure on the banking system has adverse impact on the banking system of the countries. But it was argued by Friedman that the market has to be free so that it can operate freely. But intervention of the Government introduces political intervention which results in poor performance of the financial markets. According to him free market is the best way in which an economy can run. There is no exchange takes place and both the parties are benefitted (Goldstein, Kaminsky Reinhart, 2000). Failure of Government strategies Many Governments have been reluctant to sanction high level of funds. They had taken the initiative foreseeing better opportunities for the growth in the investment from the private sector. The Government had undertaken the measure in order to take advantage of the better business environment by using skilled work force. There has been a cutback in the public spending and the stability of the debt levels has been achieved by the measures taken by Government of Britain and Germany. But the strategies implemented by the Government gave rise to mixed results (Abiad, Detragiache Tressel, 2009). The growth in UK stalled and there was double dip recession in the country. The Government was forced to cutback expenditure (Mason, 2009). Conclusion The paper has identified the positive and negative aspect of the Government intervention on the financial markets. The intervention of the Government in the financial market of Australia has been successful in recovery of the economy from the financial crisis. The recovery of the Australian economy was faster than the OECD countries. This is due to the policies implemented by the Government for the financial stability. The competition policy of the Government has driven the growth of the economy. Other country like United States, Europe and Asian market has been able to recover from the financial turmoil as a result of government intervention. But the intervention of the Government has posed threat to the economy. The purchase of illiquid assets has resulted in poor growth of the banking sector. The intervention of the Government in the financial market has also been a result of political pressure. This has resulted in instability of the financial markets. But the Government interven tion by formulating certain policies has been beneficial to stabilize the economy from the financial debacles of recession. The disdain of the financial market could be controlled to a considerable extent by the measures implemented by the Government. References Abiad, A., Detragiache, E., Tressel, T. (2009). A New Database of Financial Reforms.IMF Staff Pap,57(2), 281-302. doi:10.1057/imfsp.2009.23 Chen, C., Findlay, C. (2003). A Review of Cross-border Mergers and Acquisitions in APEC.Asian-Pac Econ Lit,17(2), 14-38. doi:10.1046/j.1467-8411.2003.00129.x Claessens, S. (2006). Access to Financial Services: A Review of the Issues and Public Policy Objectives.The World Bank Research Observer,21(2), 207-240. doi:10.1093/wbro/lkl004 Dwyer, G. (2005). Introduction to the journal of financial stability issue on regulation and financial stability.Journal Of Financial Stability,1(3), 275-278. doi:10.1016/j.jfs.2005.02.001 Federalreserve.gov,. (2015).FRB: Speech with Slideshow--Powell, Financial Institutions, Financial Markets, and Financial Stability--February 18, 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2015, from https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/powell20150218a.htm Financial Stability Review. (2014) (1st ed., pp. 1-20). Goldstein, M., Kaminsky, G., Reinhart, C. (2000).Assessing financial vulnerability. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics. Government failure versus market failure: microeconomics policy research and government performance. (2007).Choice Reviews Online,44(09), 44-5165-44-5165. doi:10.5860/choice.44-5165 Hanazaki, M. (2000). Is Japan's financial system efficient?.Oxford Review Of Economic Policy,16(2), 61-73. doi:10.1093/oxrep/16.2.61 Hao, Y., Lu, J. The Impact of Government Intervention on Corporate Investment Allocation and Efficiency: Evidence from China.SSRN Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2512351 Hauge, ., Lfstrm, E., Mellegrd, S. (2014). How to Maximize the Chances of Sustainable Renovation in Housing Cooperatives.Energy Procedia,58, 193-198. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2014.10.428 Kettl, D. (2000). The Transformation of Governance: Globalization, Devolution, and the Role of Government.Public Administration Review,60(6), 488-497. doi:10.1111/0033-3352.00112 Lensberg, T., Schenk-Hopp, K., Ladley, D. (2015). Costs and benefits of financial regulation: Short-selling bans and transaction taxes.Journal Of Banking Finance,51, 103-118. doi:10.1016/j.jbankfin.2014.10.014 Mason, C. (2009). Public Policy Support for the Informal Venture Capital Market in Europe: A Critical Review.International Small Business Journal,27(5), 536-556. doi:10.1177/0266242609338754 Singh, D., LaBrosse, J. Developing a Framework for Effective Financial Crisis Management.SSRN Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2001978 Szafarz, A. How Did Financial-Crisis-Based Criticisms of Market Efficiency Get it so Wrong?.SSRN Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1510444 Worldfinance.com,. (2015).Too much government meddling?. Retrieved 19 March 2015, from https://www.worldfinance.com/home/special-reports-home/to-intervene-or-not-to-internvene Zarutskie, R. Competition, Financial Innovation and Specialization in Credit Markets.SSRN Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1364196

Thank God It Was Ratified! Essays - United States, James Madison

"Thank God it was ratified!" With the Constitution the elite society protected rights for every American that would secure and ensure our nation's existence for hundreds of years. Under the Articles of Confederation, the United States' government was in a state of chaos. To end the existing chaos and build a stronger democratic society for the future, the government would need to be more powerful and centralized. Thus, the elite class established the rules and boundaries that would protect the rights of all citizens from a suppressive government. The Articles created a weak, almost nonexistent national government that was in complete control by the states. The newly formed government had neither an executive or judicial branch, which meant that it lacked enforcement powers. There were three problems that existed under the Articles of Confederation that would spawn an act of change. First, under the Articles of Confederation the government could not protect property and other rights of the citizens. Second, the society created under the Articles of Confederation lacked a means of advancing commerce and interstate trade. Third, government lacked the money and power to provide an adequate national defense. Traders and commercial men found their plans for commerce on a national scale impeded by local interference with interstate commerce. The currency of the states and the nation were hopelessly muddled. Creditors everywhere were angry about the depreciated paper money which the agrarians had made and were attempting to force upon those from whom they had borrowed specie. Poor, small landowning farmers could not sell or trade goods that they produced on their land to other states. The "muddled currency" in 1786, led to the loss of land in Massachusetts. During this time Continental army veterans were unable to pay their debts with the paper money that they were supplied with by the Continental Congress. This bankruptcy led to the loss of land and a great rebellion led by Daniel Shays. The Shay's rebellion was ended easily enough but it was the lack of national government that frightened people. Had Daniel Shays gathered a larger number of people and had more fire power the small amount of farmers and townspeople might not have been able to squash this rebellion. Anarchy in the States could not be tolerated. However it was James Madison that stated that the way to abolish the rule by faction is to abolish liberty but that liberty is essential to a faction as air is to fire. Madison continues to state that, "The inference to which we are brought is, that the causes of faction cannot be removed; and that relief is only to be sought in the means of controlling its effects." Madison understood that to take away liberty was to stop a faction and therefore if a hindrance or boundary on liberty was established it would control the rule by faction. Madison was opposed to complete abolishment of liberty and therefore the most reasonable decision was to place boundaries on it. Madison and the elite class noticed how the Articles of Confederation disrupted the majority of the American people and created a system of government where liberty was so free that it hindered society. The decision to create a new system of government was in the best interest of all the people in America. In creating the Constitution there were many conflicting views of how the newly created government should function. Alexander Hamilton, wanted a strong central government in which a Senate and executive power were chosen for life by indirect election; therefore creating an aristocracy. George Mason, an antifederalist, objected to the final document because of the possibility that this new government would create an aristocracy. Mason also proposed that, "there is no declaration of Rights" and the "Legislature [cannot prohibit] the further Importation of Slaves," which he felt was destructive of the country's moral fiber. On the Bill of Rights issue, the government did not need regulations that stated what it cannot do because a government cannot act unless it is stated within the law. If there was not a law that stated that they could censor the press then it is illegal for them to do so. Mason and many other antifederalists were opposed to the Constitution because it allowed the importation of slaves for at least another twenty years. Without this clause in the Constitution it never would have been ratified because the South would not have voted for ratification denying the Constitution the three fourths vote that it needed. Although the importation of slaves in the Constitution was not ideal there was not a way to ratify the Constitution without the South's vote on this issue. Charles A. Beard criticizes the creators of the Constitution